Cellular Reproduction Notes for middle school ; Meiosis and Mitosis ; Middle school life science

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Cellular Reproduction Notes for middle school ; Meiosis and Mitosis ; Middle school life science

All notes were written by LH and MyLK.

Section A: ALL LIVING THINGS

  1. Reproduce

  2. Grow/ develop

  3. Use energy (breathing, eating, exertion)

  4. Respond to their environment (stimuli)

  5. Have cells

  6. Have metabolism/ homeostasis (maintain balance)

  7. Contain DNA

  8. Evolve (as a species


    Section B- Vocabulary

    • Parent- the organism that reproduces

    • Parent cell- Cell that is reproducing. Doesn’t die, divides.

    • Daughter cells- the cell that is created

    • Chromosome- A clump of DNA (and some protein). Also has hereditary information. 1 chromatids per chromosome, unless about to do mitosis/ meiosis. Then there is 2 per chromosome

    • Gene- A part of the DNA that holds hereditary information. Passed from parents to the child. Contains instructions for producing specific proteins

    • Heredity- passing of physical/ mental characteristics through generations.

    • DNA- Instructions for organisms. Like an instruction manual. In the nucleus. Contains genetic information.

    • RNA- A chain of cells. Nucleic Acid. Processes proteins. Instructions to create proteins. Carries information to make proteins (mRNA)

    • Mutation- When a gene changes, altering the DNA. Any permanent change in a gene/ chromosome. Can be good or bad

    • Miscarriage- when a cell with 46 chromosomes and 46 chromosomes (or just 1 46 and 1 23) do fertilization. Ends up with an organism with 92 (or less) chromosomes. It tries to be a human, but can't because it doesn’t have the right number of chromosomes. Usually dies.

    • Zygote- cell created after fertilization. Will duplicate using mitosis, making an organism

    • Fertilization- When a sperm and egg cell create a zygote

    • Gamete- a Haploid cell produced by a male/ female used for reproduction. Don’t have pairs of chromosomes

    • Haploid- a cell with half the amount of chromosomes it usually has (for humans, it has 23 chromosomes). Hap for half. Used for reproduction. Don’t have pairs of chromosomes

      • Examples

        • Gametes

          • Sperm

            • Sperm- male gamete. Has 23 chromosomes

          • Egg

            • Egg- female gamete. 23 chromosomes

    • Diploid- a cell with the normal amount of chromosomes. (for humans, it has 46) Di for double of a haploid. All exactly the same (skin cells are the same as other skin cells, but obviously, skin cells are not same as bone cells) Have pairs of chromosomes

      • Examples of diploids

        • Body cells

          • Skin cells

          • Bone cells

          • Muscle cells

          • Stomach cells

          • Blood cells

          • Nerve cells

    C- Reproduction

    1. Asexual Reproduction

      1. Produce offspring that are identical to the parent

      2. Only 1 parent

      3. Simplest form of life (simple organisms)

        1. Examples

          1. Sea Star

          2. Hydra

          3. Salamander

          4. Sea Sponge

          5. Bacteria

          6. Single celled organisms

          7. Cells

      4. Advantages

        1. Reproduce quickly

        2. Increase the population quickly

      5. Disadvantages

        1. Harder to adapt because everyone is exactly the same

      6. Budding

        1. A new organism grows from a parent

          1. For example, a flower bud

        2. Steps

          1. A tiny ‘bump’ appears

          2. Bud develops

          3. Bud grows

          4. Bud breaks off

        3. Examples

          1. Plants 

          2. Hydra

          3. Yeast

      7. Vegetative propagation

        1. Growing a new plant from a piece of a plant

        2. Kind of like budding and regeneration

        3. Like regeneration but with plants, almost

        4. Examples

          1. Potatoes

          2. Onions

          3. Garlic

          4. Strawberries

          5. Grasses

      8. Regeneration

        1. Organism grows from pieces of a parent

          1. Examples

            1. Worms

            2. Starfish

            3. Planaria

        2. Steps

          1. Organism gets ‘damaged’ or cut

          2. Organism regrows

            1. If an arm is cut off, they can regrow the arm

            2. The arm will also grow into another organism

              1. Humans can’t do this because they are too complex organisms. If their arm is cut off, the skin will grow around it, but very unlikely the arm will grow back.

            3. If the organism is cut into 3 pieces, there are 3 new organisms that will regrow, and so on.

      9. Cloning

        1. Making a genetically identical offspring from a parent that normally does sexual reproduction.

          1. I don’t think this will be on the test, but probably scientists do this.

      10. Binary fission (also called fission)

        1. In prokaryotic cells without a nucleus

        2. A process where a cell divides into 2 daughter cells

          1. Steps

            1. 1 parent cell starts to divide

              1. Some organelles go to one side of the cell, some to the other

            2. Cytoplasm divides

            3. 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent are created.

              1. These need to grow and develop in order to reproduce again.

        3. Mitosis

          1. Binary fission in cells WITH a nucleus

          2. Makes body cells

          3. How there is growth/ repair/ development

          4. A zygote turns into a baby by using Mitosis

          5. Steps

            1. Cell  Life Cycle

            2. PMAT

              1. Or IPMAT

            3. Interphase

              1. Growth and development phase

              2. Cell spends most time in this phase

              3. Chromosomes can’t be seen

              4. Non-dividing stage, resting stage

              5. Everything is functioning fine

            4. Prophase

              1. Nuclear membrane & nucleus starts to disappear, evaporate, disintegrate 

              2. Centrioles go to opposite sides of the cell

              3. Double stranded chromosomes are visible (chromosomes with 2 chromatins)

              4. Spindle fibers appear (part of the cytoskeleton.)

                1. Start to stretch across the cell

            5. Metaphase

              1. Chromosomes form a line in the middle of a cell.

              2. Spindle fibers attach to centrioles (the centromere part of the centriole)

              3. Nuclear membrane is completely gone

            6. Anaphase

              1. The chromosomes are split and go to opposite sides of the cell

                1. (organelles are scattered, some on one side, some on the others.)

              2. Centromere divides (the part of the chromosome that the spindle fiber attaches to)

            7. Telophase (animal cells)

              1. Splitting begins (cytoplasm splits)

              2. Nuclear membrane starts to reappear, and so does nucleus (forms around chromosomes)

              3. Spindle fibers disappear

              4. Chromosomes turn into chromatin material

              5. The opposite of prophase

              6. Cell membrane pinches in the middle and then splits

            8. Telophase (plant cells)

              1. Cell plate forms between the 2 new daughter cells

              2. New cell walls form around the cell plate

            9. Daughter cells created

              1. 2 new daughter cells formed

              2. Have identical chromosomes as each other and parent cells. 

              3. Identical, and the same

              4. For growth/ repair of a eukaryotic organism

    2. Sexual Reproduction

      1. Complex organisms

        1. Multicellular organisms

          1. Humans

            1. A human has 46 chromosomes in 1 cell. In the sheet, we will have 46 for cells and 23 for gametes, like a human.

      2. Produce offspring that are not identical to the parent

        1. Variety

      3. 2 parents

      4. Meiosis

        1. Produces gametes

          1. If they don’t use the gamete, it dies, gets discarded

        2. 2 parents each contribute 1 gamete (has 23 chromosomes)

          1. Male- sperm

          2. Female- egg

        3. Happens in reproductive organs

        4. For the reproductive system  

        5. Steps

          1. Begins as Mitosis

            1. PMAT- (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

              1. Or IPMAT

            2. Interphase

              1. Growth and development phase

              2. Cell spends most time in this phase

              3. Chromosomes can’t be seen

              4. Non-dividing stage, resting stage

              5. Everything is functioning fine

            3. Prophase

              1. Nuclear membrane starts to disappear, evaporate, disintegrate 

              2. Centrioles go to opposite sides of the cell

              3. Double stranded chromosomes are visible (chromosomes with 2 chromatins)

              4. Spindle fibers appear (part of the cytoskeleton.)

                1. Start to stretch across the cell

            4. Metaphase

              1. Chromosomes form a line in the middle of a cell.

              2. Spindle fibers attach to centrioles (the centromere part of the centriole)

              3. Nuclear membrane/ nucleus is completely gone

            5. Anaphase

              1. The chromosomes are split and go to opposite sides of the cell

                1. (organelles are scattered, some on one side, some on the others.)

              2. Centromere divides (the part of the chromosome that the spindle fiber attaches to)

            6. Telophase (animal cells)

              1. Splitting begins (cytoplasm splits)

              2. Nuclear membrane starts to reappear, and so does nucleus (forms around chromosomes)

              3. Spindle fibers disappear

              4. Chromosomes turn into chromatin material

              5. The opposite of prophase

              6. Cell membrane/ cytoplasm pinches in the middle and then splits

            7. Telophase (plant cells)

              1. Cell plate forms between the 2 new daughter cells

              2. New cell walls form around the cell plate

          2. Quickly splits the daughter cell in half so it creates haploids

          3. 4 haploids/ gametes created

      5. Fertilization

        1. When a sperm and egg cell combine to create a zygote

        2. Steps

          1. Meiosis happens

          2. Sperm and egg cell meet

          3. Creates a zygote

          4. Grows and develops using mitosis

            1. Phases

              1. Embryo

              2. Fetus

              3. Baby

      6. Steps Simplified

        1. Meiosis

        2. Fertilization

        3. Mitosis (Zygote grows/ develops using Mitosis)

    3. Similarities/ Differences between the 2 types of reproduction

      1. Similarities

        1. Cells divide

        2. All offsprings have the same # of chromosomes as the parents

        3. Forms of reproduction

        4. Produces offspring

        5. Need parents

      2. Differences

        1. Asexual reproduction

          1. Quicker

          2. No variety

          3. Growth and development of organisms

          4. Produces identical offsprings

          5. 1 parent

          6. Not complicated organisms

          7. PMAT- (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) happens once

        2. Sexual reproduction

          1. Slower

          2. A lot of variety

          3. Not growth/ development

          4. Produces different offsprings (from each other, not all are exactly the same)

          5. 2 parents

          6. Complicated organisms

          7. PMAT- (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) happens twice


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